Copyright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Copyright - Essay Example This framework permits the likely sharing of copyrighted materials, which can offer ascent to copyright encroachment. Copyright encroachment, under the US laws, is the replicating or significant generation of materials that are secured by the copyright law (Miller and Jentz 2007 155). A gathering of music organizations drove by A&M Records, Inc. brought an activity against Napster for copyright infringement, with starter order, in the District Court for the Northern District of California. In 2000, Judge Marilyn Patel in like manner gave a fundamental directive against Napster charging the last from â€Å"engaging in or encouraging others in replicating, downloading, transferring, transmitting or conveying plaintiff’s copyrighted† (A&M Records, Inc. v Napster, Inc. 2000 114 F Supp. 2d 896) materials. The request was bid by Napster to the Ninth Circuit, which notwithstanding, continued the request yet remanding it to the lower court for refinement taking note of that it was excessively wide. In arriving at its choice, the Ninth Circuit needed to settle on the benefits of the contentions of the litigants, with regards to itself and its clients. The contentions of respondent Napster fixated on the suggested resistance allowed under the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (AHRA) and the special case gave under the reasonable use convention.

Food as a Metaphor for Unexpressed Emotions in Like Water for Chocolate

Food as a Metaphor for Unexpressed Emotions in Like Water for Chocolateâ â â â â â â â Â An abused soul discovers intends to escape through the readiness of food in the novel, Like Water for Chocolate (1992). Composed by Laura Esquivel, the story is set in progressive Mexico when the new century rolled over. Tita, the youthful courageous woman, is living on her family’s farm with her two more seasoned sisters, her domineering mother, and Nacha, the family cook and Tita’s proxy mother. At an exceptionally youthful age, Tita is imparted with a profound love for food for Tita, the delight of living was enveloped with the joys of food (7). The unexpected demise of Tita's dad, left Tita's mom cannot nurture the baby Tita because of stun and melancholy. In this way Nacha, who [knows] everything about cooking (6) offers to accept the accountability of taking care of and thinking about the youthful Tita. From that day on, Tita's space was the kitchen (7). All through the novel, food is utilized as a steady similitude for the serious sentiments and feelings Tita is compelled to disguise. The story starts with Tita enthusiastically enamored with Pedro Muzquiz and he with her. She could always remember the second their hands incidentally contacted as the two of them gradually bowed down to get a similar plate (18). Their sentiment is reviled from the beginning, in any case, due to an old family custom, expressing that the most youthful little girl must stay unmarried and care for the mother insofar as either may live. Pedro, uninformed of the convention, goes to the farm to ask Tita's mom, Mama Elena, for Tita's hand. Mother Elena tells Tita, On the off chance that he plans to request your hand, instruct him not to trouble. Heã ­ll be burning through his time and mine, as well. You realize superbly well that being the most youthful little girl implies you need to take vehicle... ... other, and [make] distraught enthusiastic love any place they happened to wind up (242). In contrast to the principal wedding, Tita too is tainted with the amazing charm of the food. Without precedent for their lives, Tita and Pedro had intercourse unreservedly (243). The tale closes with both Pedro and Tita, defeat with joy and feeling, kicking the bucket in one another arms. Allegories are useful assets regularly utilized by creators to convey a more profound significance. Analogies additionally will in general make the piece more provocative, and in this way all the more fascinating and charming. Laura Esquivel makes a radiant showing of utilizing food as a representation for unexpressed feelings in the novel Like Water for Chocolate. She takes the throbbing soul of a little youngster and transforms it into a cookbook of sentiments and feelings keenly masked with food. Work Cited Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. Doubleday, 1992.

The Fellowship Search The Rule of Two COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Fellowship Search The Rule of Two COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I remember in college I was always told that for every hour spent in class, I should expect to spend two hours outside of class studying.   I believe that a similar maxim applies to the search for funding to help pay for graduate school.   My belief is that for every hour you spend working on an admission application for graduate school, you should spend at least 2 times the amount of time looking for fellowships. At first this might seem like a very strange thing for me to say so let me provide some background.   First off, most professional schools like SIPA do provide fellowship funding, but nowhere near the amount that would cover all educationally related costs.   Our program is full-time and you need to pay for tuition, books, rent, food, travel, etc. I believe that some people apply for graduate school and count on fellowship aid from the school being available.   While it is true that approximately 70% of eligible second year students at SIPA receive fellowship funding, only approximately 10-15 % of first year students receive SIPA fellowship funding. For many who are admitted without SIPA fellowship funding, the confounding question of how to pay for everything comes up almost immediately.   The good news is that there is evidence that many SIPA applicants are looking for external fellowship funding.   This is evidenced by the fact that each year for the past few years students have brought in close to $5 million total in outside scholarships, fellowships, and grants.   This does not come without a price and that price is time and effort looking for funding. So lets break down an estimate of how many hours go into the application process.   Part 1 of the application process is pretty simple, fill out the online application and submit it, about 30-45 minutes, but lets round up to 1 hour.   You also have to contact those that will be writing letters of recommendation for you, lets say 20 minutes per for a total of 1 hour.   So 2 hours on Part 1. Part 2 is a bit more complex and these are only estimates to get a ballpark figure.   The two required résumés will probably take around 3 hours.   The personal statement is hard to gauge but by the time you are done, three hours is probably a good minimum.   Lets give getting your transcripts in order and uploaded 1 hour.   Finally there are test scores.   This is a toughie because the time spent studying for these exams can be excessive.   Everyone is different, but lets give it a nice round figure of 10 hours for calculation purposes.   So what do we have . . . 1 Hour on the Application 1 Hour on contacting those who will write letters of recommendation 3 Hours on résumé preparation 3 Hours on your personal statement 1 Hour ordering and scanning transcripts for upload 10 Hours on test taking and preparation That puts you at around 19 hours of preparation that go into the application process.   Lets round up and call it 20 hours. Thus my belief is that you should spend a minimum of 40 hours looking for and applying for fellowship opportunities.   How do you do this?   There is no one right answer, sometimes we find out about opportunities by happenstance.   However you can improve your chances by engaging in the following: •  Check out SIPA’s own fellowship database. We search for scholarships for you and post them to the database.   The database is not SIPA specific.   As we search for and hear about funding, we make the information available to you. •  Use RSS  technology to deliver news to your email account or RSS Reader.   RSS allows for news to be delivered to you without having to go look for it every day.   As an example, Gmail accounts have something called the “Alert” tool and I am sure other providers have the same capability.   All you have to do is put in text for searches and a search engine will perform the searches daily  and deliver news to your email account.   You can type in search terms like “Graduate School Scholarships” or “International Affairs Scholarships.”   You can also utilize an RSS reader.   They are free and if you do not know what an RSS reader is, click here for a YouTube tutorial. •  Talk to people you know who have gone to graduate school and find out if they were able to find scholarship opportunities. •  Contact people who are willing to write you a letter of recommendation and have them make multiple copies of the recommendation letter and give them to you in sealed envelops so you are ready if a scholarship opportunity arises and there is a tight deadline. • Speak with people at your undergraduate university alumni relations, career services, faculty members, etc. • Talk to the organization you work for to find out if they sponsor students or have grants for furthering your education. In summary, dont let the funding issue sneak up on you.   Spend adequate time searching for funding sources and to help make your graduate dream a reality.

Music Affecting the Memory of Alzheimer’s Patients

Alzheimer’s disease is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States (Help End Alzheimers.). It is a common form of dementia categorized by a progressive decline in cognitive function (Simmons-Stern, 2010). According to the Alzheimer’s Association, â€Å"More than 500,000 seniors die each year because they have Alzheimers disease†. Therefore Alzheimer’s disease kills more people than prostate and breast cancer together (Help End Alzheimers.) Although there is no cure or treatment to slow the progression of Alzheimers disease it can be treated with medication, memory activities, and music therapy. The main classification of medication that is used for Alzheimer disease is Cholinesterase inhibitors. A noninvasive and inexpensive†¦show more content†¦A music therapy intervention was done on 17 Alzheimer’s patients and 11 had shown less agitation after music therapy (Witzke, 2008). Typically if an Alzheimer’s patient was agitate d, facilities would give medications or place them in physical restraints. On the other hand, using musical therapy is non detrimental and simple. Encourages reminiscing Patients with Alzheimer disease do not have the ability to remember facts and details but they do have the ability to remember long term things. Simply by hearing their favorite song can evoke a memory of an important life event or person. Listening to certain song may bring up different emotions. For example listening to a sad song might evoke the memory of the death of their spouse. Or listening to their favorite childhood song might evoke the memory of the fun childhood and vice versa. It is cost effective The amount to run this program in an elderly care facility is about $2,000. This price includes the webinar certification and equipment. This price also includes, â€Å"15 iPods, 15 headphones, 15 AC adapters, and iTunes gift card† (Help End Alzheimer’s). Non- profit establishments will receive a $600 grant to pay for equipment cost (Help End Alzheimer’s). The patient will not have to pay anything for this service. This is very cheap compared to other programs for Alzheimer’s patients, such as day centers. For an Alzheimer patient to stay at a day center it is around $150 dollars per day (Adult Day Care).Show MoreRelatedChildhood Memories And Its Effects On Our Lives1173 Words   |  5 PagesWe each have memories, both from long ago and recent times, that we hold dear to us. Memories get us through the hard days and keep us chipper in the good ones. The past is what makes us who we are. It shapes how we act, how we treat others, and simply just what we do on a day to day basis. Memories are the little things that keep this world running smoothly. Imagine what it would be like to lose those memories. What if you were to forget things to the point you were losing your functionality?Read MoreMusic : Music And Brain Development1112 Words   |  5 PagesMusic and Brain Development Brenen E. Dapkiewicz Music and Brain Development Start by speaking the ABC’s. Within that process I have a decent feeling they were vocalized in song form; more than likely it sounded like Twinkle Twinkle. A well known melody from birth. Hearing music everywhere, tuned into our favorite station on the radio, throughout stores in the mall, or even the drumming to the tempo of the car’s turn signal in front of ours. As individuals, we have developed over time the senseRead MoreA Research Study On Alzheimer s Disease1339 Words   |  6 PagesDementia is another term for memory loss and there are a couple types of dementia. This research paper is about Alzheimer s Disease (AD) which is a specific type of dementia that is closely related to aging. AD accounts for 50 to 80 percent of dementia cases. 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It usually starts slowlyRead MoreThe Memory Care Unit At The Friend s Home1414 Words   |  6 PagesFriend’s Home Resident On the memory care unit at the Friend’s Home in Greensboro, I cared for a resident who is a 97-year-old female who has Alzheimer’s disease without behavioral disturbances and a history of depression with anxiety. She had resided in the assisted living apartments at the Friend’s Home, until she had a decline in her mental health that threatened her safety. She was then moved to the memory care unit and has been here for over six years. During my time with her, she has beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Memory Loss1397 Words   |  6 PagesThe Issue of Memory Loss in Relation to Healthy Aging The following paper is an academic discussion on the contemporary issue of memory loss in relation to healthy aging of older adults. Scholarly articles were used for references and facts relating to the topic. Memories constitute a vital part of life for everyone, and certain diseases that largely affect the older population can take those important moments away, leaving the elderly missing vital parts of their lives. The purpose of this paperRead MoreDementia Research Paper5756 Words   |  24 PagesUnderstanding Dementia and Alzheimers Disease Dealing with Dementia and the progression of Alzheimers disease through its three stages is often a daunting and distressing task. Most often relatives feel isolated and without help as if they were to be left alone, having no help to deal with the unknown. They are also afraid of having to watch their loved ones become more and more distant, potentially losing a horrible battle with this disease. In order to help with this fear of the unknownRead MoreProfessionals To Distinguish The Influence Of Intrinsic999 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessionals to distinguish the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the individuals, which is an effective use of therapeutic self. Goldman et al. (2004) describe complete AD interventions should provide supportive care to the patient and caregivers, promote independence, maintain body function and treat symptoms. Treatments can be briefly divided into cognition-, behaviour-, emotion- and stimulation-oriented approaches. For cognition-oriented intervention, an occupational therapistRead More Nursing Care Issues and the Frail Elderly: Dementia Essay1758 Words   |  8 Pagesconversation could not be helped. Two elderly patients were conversing, one was talking about experiences in World War II and the other was listening intently. When questioned as to what they were discussing and why, the answer received was one that surprised and saddened. The patient telling the story explained â€Å"Sometimes my friend forgets all about the past, so I sit here and tell my stories and then it helps my friend remember.† The other patient replied â€Å"that is right, there are days I justRead MoreUnderstand the Pro cess and Experience of Dementia2230 Words   |  9 Pagesneurodegenerative disease; that is, by conditions affecting only or primarily the neurons of the brain and causing gradual but irreversible loss of function of these cells. Less commonly, a non-degenerative condition may have secondary effects on brain cells, which may or may not be reversible if the condition is treated. The causes of dementia depend on the age at which symptoms begin. In the elderly population, a large majority of cases of dementia are caused by Alzheimers disease, vascular dementia or both

Analysis of Studs Terkels Book and the World of Work Essay

Many people in today’s society find themselves guilty of believing the common misconception that money can buy happiness. They go to school to become a doctor, lawyer, or other high paying job, with money and social status as their only incentives. Many will find that they have fallen into a trap, when they start earning their large salary, but still are not happy. While there were many messages present throughout Studs Terkels Working: a graphic adaptation, the most important reoccurring message seemed to be that having pride and dignity as well as working at a job that fulfills one’s life passion or is simply enjoyable are more important qualities than earning a large salary and having a high rank on the social ladder. The interaction of†¦show more content†¦Overall the monologue uses the text and visuals to portray the message that if a person has such a dreadful job and can’t stand going to work every day, he or she is going to be extremely unhappy. Another clear example that uses a connection between visuals and the text to illustrate that working a job merely for the money will not provide happiness is Beryl Simpson’s interview about being an airline reservationist. Beryl Simpson â€Å"hated it with a passion getting sick in the morning, going to work feeling ‘OH MY GOD! I’ve got to go to work’† (122). A visual shows her struggle of trying to get out of bed to go to a job that she hates. Her face looks wrinkled, worn down, and depressed (122). Beryl admits that when she was working for the airline she had a high status and â€Å"was always introduced as Beryl Simpson who works for the airline† (124). However this high status did not provide her with happiness. She felt as if she was a computer when she went to work and had no free-will. This repetitive work that she hated wore away at her, and even though it provided her with a salary and high status, she was not genuinely happy. In co ntrast to Brettr Hauser and Beryl Simpson’s interviews, John Fuller’s interview displays the message of the book in the opposite way. His voice and the overall tone are very positive, even though he is working a job that pays a very low salary. There are a lot of exclamation points in the text that help portray his enthusiasm

Francisco De Zubar N And His Work English Literature Essay Free Essays

Francisco de Zurbaran, a Spanish painter was born in Fuentes de Cantos, Badajoz Province in Estremadura and baptized on Nov. 7, 1598. His male parent was a comfortable tradesman of Basque descent. We will write a custom essay sample on Francisco De Zubar N And His Work English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1614, Zurbaran ‘s male parent sent him to Seville to apprentice for three old ages to a second-rate painter of images, Pedro Diaz de Villanueva. Zurbaran opened a workshop in Llerena in 1617 and married a adult female older than himself. She died after holding three kids. He was married once more to a widow in 1623. During his 11 old ages in Llerena, Zurbaran ‘s piousness was influenced by Spanish Quietism, which was a spiritual motion that taught inner backdown, the find of God in meekly submissive silence, and the usage of penitentiary exercisings to repress the senses and quiet the mind. Although this influence had a deep consequence on his art, it in no manner limited his artistic creative activities. The contracts for this period are so legion that he would hold been obliged to delegate many of them to helpers. In add-on, he was transposing to Seville to put to death plants for the Dominican, Trinitarian, Mercedarian, and Franciscan monasteries. In 1629, the Sevi lle Town Council persuaded Zurbaran to travel his workshop to their metropolis. He arrived with his married woman, kids, and eight retainers. The undermentioned twelvemonth the painters ‘ Guild of St. Luke ordered him to subject to an scrutiny and he refused. The town council ended up back uping him. His frequenters continued to be largely monasteries including the Capuchins, Carthusians, and Jeronymites were added to the list. In April 1634, the painter Diego Velazquez, who was in charge of the ornaments for the new Royal Palace in Madrid, commissioned Zurbaran to put to death for the Hall of Realms two conflict scenes, which were to belong to a series that included Velazquez ‘s Surrender of Breda, and 10 Labors of Hercules. Zurbaran returned to Seville in November with the honorary rubric of Painter to the King and the happy memory that Philip IV had called him the male monarch of painters. Zurbaran was at a extremum of creativeness and felicitousness in 1639, when his married woman died. His art production declined markedly and his manner became graver. He married for the 3rd clip, in 1644, but his artistic star was falling. Missing sufficient committees at place, Zurbaran was obliged to make the bulk of his plants for South America. With four more kids born of his new matrimony, he sold Flemish landscapes and pigments and coppices to the South American market. He continued to bring forth largely for South America until 1658, when he decided to seek to alter his fortune in Madrid. His art, nevertheless, was small apprehended at that place. Zurbaran died destitute in Madrid on August 27, 1664. Zurbaran ‘s work was really sophisticated with accurate pragmatism and indefinable mysticism. Zurbaran chose to be a painter of spiritual topics. His work was ever created big. Other effects are attained by the elaborate finished foregrounds which mass out mostly in visible radiation and shadiness. He was really adept in painting figures with curtain as shown in one of his works The Annunciation. He worked with oil pigments and most of his plants were spiritual scenes and portrayals. Two-thirdss of his plants were painted in the 1630 ‘s and the other 3rd is about every bit divided before and after that decennary. The Annunciation was painted in 1650 with oil on canvas. It measures about 85 inches tall and about one-hundred and 24 inches broad. â€Å" This Annunciation falls rather late in Zurbaran ‘s calling, when his simple and disconnected mold, dark to visible radiation, begins to soften and film over. His pallet becomes less blatant and more blended, while the about militaristic urgency of his earlier work is replaced by an familiarity and tenderness. The walls of the Virgin Mary ‘s room literally dissolve in a inundation of cherubs bathed in visible radiation, as the angel Gabriel with great heroism and discretion announces that she is with kid † says Joseph J. Rishel. Francisco de Zurbaran has a realistic manner shown in the picture. It features a room in which an angel is seen at the left kneeling on the land before the Virgin Mary. The figure of Mary is placed between a chair and a little wooden tabular array draped with a green fabric. Mary looks as though she is s urprised to be greeted by the angel although glancing at the floor. She disregards the unfastened Bible since she has been distracted. Behind and above the two figures are cherubs resting on beds of clouds merrily staring down at Mary with eyes from Heaven. Elementss such as visible radiation, colour, and texture are used in The Annunciation. Francisco de Zubaran does non demo a beginning of visible radiation in the picture, but we can see the light get downing from heaven with the cherubs and bit by bit gets darker to where the image about looks blurry on the lower left following to the angel. Light besides emphasizes the just tegument of the Angel and Mary as they both look down towards a shady floor. It reflects the unfastened Bible hinting on the sanctity and importance of Mary. Color draws attending to of import characters and objects in the picture. The ruddy and bluish Mary wears gives us a sense she is the chief focal point of the image since they are two different colourss in temperature and really concentrated. The bright yellow used indicates a celestial felicity or spirit such as how the dove is painted. The little soft silky texture used in this picture shows Zurbaran ‘s usage of pragmatism. The curtain looks about perfect compared to the remainder of the room. If the picture is looked at closely, you can see more symbolism such as a really weak xanthous visible radiation around Mary ‘s caput about like a aura which signifies her sanctity. The little xanthous dove at the top of the picture besides looks down at Mary and even gives a visible radiation pointed down at her caput. The cherubs and the angel are all smiling giving the image a joyful significance. You can besides see the flowers at the bottom right giving the painting an even more sense of softness, raising, and peace. The iconography of The Annunciation is shown how Zurbaran portrays the narrative of the Angel Gabriel looking earlier Mary to denote that God has chosen her to bare a boy, Jesus, who will salvage God ‘s people from their wickednesss. An anon. individual explains â€Å" Zurbaran besides idealizes Mary to stress her sanctity. Mary maintains a graceful airs even when she is frightened by the Angel ‘s intelligence. The room is besides au naturel and suggests Mary ‘s modestness. The Angel appears soft and the white colour of the angel shows the pureness of God ‘s courier. † Today, The Annunciation corsets at the Philadelphia Museum of Art as Francisco de Zurbaran continues to delight many with his endowments with the elements used in such an of import spiritual event. You can state he take to paint spiritual bible narratives with his really precise manner of painting the significance, symbolism, and great item. 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A revelation of love Essay Example For Students

A revelation of love Essay This is something typical of Medieval beliefs: we are reminded of Gawains pentangle with its five interlocking virtues, but Julian seems to take this further in that one image does not only exist alongside another, but one follows on from another in a chain of images and associations that traces the path from the physical to the spiritual, from bodily to gostly sight. The vision of the bleeding head prompts a response based in language from Julian: And as long as I saw this sight of the plentious bleding of the hede I might never stinte of these words: Benedicite domine! But it is the connection of the visual images that is so fascinating. She understands vi things from the shewing. The first is the toknys of the blissid passion and the plentious shedding of his pretious blood and having contemplated this moves to the maiden that is derworthy and moder, then the blissful Godhede. The images get progressively less physical moving from the visible mortal body of Christ to his mother who conceived immaculately, to God himself. The next three images dwell on the creations of God, that he hath made althing, that he made althing for love and that God is althing that is good. Julian begins with the physical seeing of the body of Christ, and uses this as a platform from which to meditate on aspects of God and his relationship with his communications that have nothing to do with the bodily or the physical. This is perhaps related to the way in which seeing itself was thought to work in the Middle Ages. Images from the eyes were believed to bombard the front part of the brain, the Common Sense, and then move to the Imagination, which impresses these images on the brain. To apply this to Julians vision, Christs bleeding body is in the Common Sense, and the subsequent connected images derive from the Imagination: the bodily sight leads to ghostly sight. At the same time as worshipping the mortal body of Christ, Julian is starkly aware of the frailty and insubstantiality of the human body. Her own bodily sight even prevents her from seeing the visions clearly enough: This I saw bodily, swemely and derkely, and I desired more bodily sight to have sene more clerely. But first bihoveth me to tellen you as anempt my febilnes, my wretchidnes and blindnes. Julian sees the body as weighing her down, holding her back from achieving true communion with God: we be so borne doun be weyte of our dedly flesh and derkhede of synne that we may not sen our lord God clerly in his faire blissful chere. Perhaps the limitation of the body that Julian feels most keenly is that of blindness, and this is due to the implicit connection in the Middle Ages and indeed today between seeing and knowing. Julian lived at a time when sight was the most important of the senses, and any act of seeing involved entering into a relationship with that which is seen. For Julian, looking at an image of Christ involves in some way letting Christ into her; by viewing his body in the passion she is entering a dialogue, becoming closer to him in a way that transcends words and follows an unbroken path between seeing, understanding and knowing. As well as the suffering body of Christ, Julian also imagines the body of Christ as nourishing and sustaining us in the way a mother suckles her child: The moder may geven hir child soken her mylke, but our pretious moder Iesus, he may feydn us with himselfe The moder may leyn the child tenderly to her brest but our tender moder Iesus, he may homely leden us into his blissid brest be his swete open syde, and shewyn therein partly of the Godhede and ioys of hevyn, with gostly sikernes of endless blisse This image of Christ as a mother with all its female and tender associations is another insight into the way in which the Medieval mind imagined the relationship between Christ and his people. .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .postImageUrl , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:hover , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:visited , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:active { border:0!important; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:active , .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub79e12f57850ed5ef617aa197da447dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Lonely Characters in Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men is set during the 1930s about the time of the American depression EssayChrists bleeding body during the passion was seen as in some way connected to the female body, which was seen as more open than the male body. The dividing and segmenting of Christs wounds isolated the swete open wound in his side as being specifically female, and the language here describes Christ as being almost pregnant in his encompassing of the Godhede and ioys of hevyn. For Julian there is a trinity of types of understanding: I beheld it as one in Gods menyng. All this was shewed by thre: that is to sey, be bodily sight and by word formyd in my understondyng and be gostly sight. Julian repeats this idea later on: All the blissid teching of our lord God was shewid be iii partes: that is to sey, be bodily syte, and by word foryd in myn understondyng, and be gostly syte. For the bodily seyte, I have seid as I saw as trewely as I can; and for the words, I have seid them rith as our lord shewid them to me; and for the gostly syte, I have seid sumdele, but I may never full tellen it, and therefore of this syte I am sterrid to sey more as God will give me grace. In this instance Julian seems to imply a hierarchy, with bodily sight the lowest or first of the levels of understanding, followed by word formed in my understanding and then gostly sight, which is seen as something god-given, perhaps stemming from the Holy Ghost. The relationship of these different kinds of sight to the body comes full circle through the depth of understanding allowed by gostly sight. So intense is the connection it creates, that the body reacts physically to reflect what it sees: for which paynys I saw that all is to litel that I can sey, for it may not be told. The which shewing of Cristes peynys filled me ful of payne. This physicality of communication with God is often described in terms of physical ecstasy, the blissful touching of the Holy Spirit . The experience of some Saints such as Teresa of Avila also reflect this sense of a definite union with God that, although located in the physical, transcends all bodily senses to reach a spiritual climax. Ultimately the writings of Julian of Norwich highlight the complexity of describing, whether through words or through images, the relationship between God and mortals. The body is represented as the word incarnate, as a feeble vessel for Gods love, as the focus and centre of Christs sacrifice for us and as the medium through which we can attempt to express our connection from that which is so far removed from the physical, yet which can affect us in extremely intense and physical ways. Sight can be a direct path from what we look at to what we understand, or it can be involved in a much more complicated system of seeing and not seeing, bodily sight and gostly blindness or vice versa. Julian can only put across these ideas through an imperfect medium, but one which she handles skilfully. Ultimately, the very process by which words are understood may act as a metaphor for the experience to which they relate. 4 1 Marion Glasscoe, Introduction to Julian of Norwich, A Revelation of Love 2 Marion Glasscoe, Introduction to Julian of Norwich, A Revelation of Love 3 Marion Glasscoe, Introduction, Julian of Norwich A Revelation of Love 4 Marion Glasscoe, Introduction to Julian of Norwich, A Revelation of Love.

Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample Essay Example

Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample Paper Biology Osmosis Lab Report Essay Introduction CO is transferred from the blood to the lungs, where is exhales. The intake 02 and the parallel elimination of CO in the lungs and is called gas exchange with the environment or otherwise breath (URL). In physiology respiration is defined as the transport of 02 in the body from the outside air to the cells within tissues and the transport of CO in the opposite direction. Thus the basic function of the respiration in human body is to deliver 02 to all parts of the body in order to produce energy for the faction of organism and remove waste product out of this. URL). This function is performed by the respiratory system. In the experiment we dealt with breathing and were signed to the chemical factor or factors boost for breath and dealt with the 02 and CO. Generally in the experiment was four times breathing, different air quality each time, which contains a collection of air from the breathing. Then measure the 02 and CO in the air which was collected. At one time was breathing atmosp heric air and the other two times was breathing 02 and CO respectively. A variety of objects among which the timer for time measurement, mouthpiece for breath, geometer for measurement the 02 in the blood, a bags for collecting air and two other bag who have 02 and CO respectively (URL). The results were obtained after the recovery gas mixtures were measured in the laboratory through a machine measuring instruments in this gas mixture. The method was used to understand the reasons for which breathing takes place as well as the specific factors causing it. The experiment helped identify these factors by the variations in air intake and exhalation. Using this method we managed to define the ideal air mixture for healthy breathing. Materials and Methods: A lot has been written and said about the control of respiration in the human body and many textbooks and scholars have dealt with this main issue in medicine. They state that respiration in healthy people is mainly controlled by CO co ncentrations present in the brain and arterial blood. Modern research is focused on specifics and details of this chemical breath control. Biology Osmosis Lab Report Essay Body Paragraphs This experiment recorded the rates of 02 and CO concentrations. High levels of CO in the blood are naturally poisonous, thus it is preferable to have them at the lowest possible levels. Paradoxically it is the increase of CO concentrations which controls breathing in the outer respiration system, the fundamental function of the human body (URL). At the first stage of the experiment, a person breathed atmospheric air thought a mouthpiece and in order to breathe only from the mouth with the help of the mouthpiece, we used a clip. In this stage of the experiment, breath was taken from normal air which was breathed from room conditions as we all breath daily, with air containing 80% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen and 0% CO . Breathing of normal air was taken for one minute and then the person breathed the air held his holding for as much time as possible and having the nose clip on the nose. He manages to hold his breath seconds before he blew out the air blew air into a bag; this moment is called Pane time. Then the bag was given to the laboratory technician in order to pass the air of the bag passes into a gas analysis. From the analysis of the bag air we have got the percentages of pip and APPC respectively. The units which provided the resolution are mug. In the first analysis, the results were 38, 9 mug CO and 104, 78 mug 02. The second part the experiment was repeated as previously with a few differences. Specifically, with the help of the mouthpiece and the nose clip as before was taken hyperventilation for one minute. Then the breath was hold for as long as possible, namely 61 second, after that pick up the air inside he bag for a gas analyze with the help of the laboratory technician, as before. The percentage of 02 in this case was 102. 19 mug, while the CO was 26 mug. In the third part of the experiment we use a special bag containing 5% CACM, where the mouthpiece was connected with the bag which contained the 5% CO and the breathing was taken from the bag for one minute. As previously with the assistant of mouthpiece and nose clip, the breath was hold as long as possible, specifically 37 seconds. Samples of the air in a bag ware taken again as before in the gas analyze to analyze the new rates. The rates which were taken were 111. 11 mug for 02 and 49 mug for CO The fourth time the experiment was approximately the same way as the previous times as before; with the difference breathing was taken from a bag containing 40% 02 for one minute, with the help of the mouthpiece. The breath hold was repeated again as long as possible, namely for seconds and in this case the rates of the air collected after the gas analyze, were 140. 25 mug 02 and 55 mug CO The average of these results was performed in the table below along with the graph. The rates we got were 02 140. 25 mug and CO 55 mug. In experiment except the mouthpiece and the nose clip used also the geometries to observe the oxygen present in the body and a stopwatch to measure the time of br eath and time of breath holding. Average of these results was performed and the table below along with the graph. Results: Experiment I Pane Time (sec) I Pane Time (sec) I APPC (mug) I APPC (mug) I pip (mug) I pip (mug) | Saturation | Saturation I I MEAN I SD I MEAN I SAID MEAN SD I MEAN SD I Normal Air | 59 1 91 38,9 1 6,81 104,78 | 20,95 | 96 1 51 Hyperventilation 97 | 24 | 26 1 3,91 102,19 120,95 1 95 141 co 12417149 131 111,11 | 6,13 196 131 02 | 86 191 55 131 140,25 1 1486 1 98 141 The table records the results of the experiment. Specifically it’s illustrating the average APPC (mug) and pip (mug) in the four breaths made during the experiment. On the graph the partial pressures of CO and 02 are compared at breaking point in the four different gas mixtures that the subject had to breathe in. The period of time it took the subject to reach breaking point is recorded every time and is otherwise called as pane time, as well as the % 02 saturation is recorded with the help of a pulse geometer. Observe the table fluctuations f the results depending each time the gas mixtures are changing. In particular we note that the results of pip are higher than other prices in contrast to the results of APPC which are the lowest. All these variations are due to the increase and decrease of pip and APPC, each time is different and also the need of every organism varies according to its’ needs. The experiment was to breathing four different gases such as exists in the table like Normal air, Hyperventilation, 5% CO and 40% 02 for one minute each time. Then follow two graphs with the results of the table we got from the experiment. The first graph shows the average of APPC and pip. The red line shows the average of the results of pip that were collected in the bag. Each dot shows the exact amount of pip found after breathing different gas mixtures. The blue line also shows the average results of APPC and each dot shows the exact amount of APPC found after breathi ng different gas mixtures. Specifically, we observe that the values of the red line are higher as it should be since we need oxygen to survive. The normal levels of partial pressure of 02 in exhaled air, at rest are 120 mug for the oxygen and for carbon dioxide 27 mug. However the amounts in he experiment observed are especially different than normal levels because the gas mixture levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen were always different each time and also this is because the breath was held for some time before exhaling. The first point of the graph illustrated decreased rates of oxygen from normal while the rates of carbon dioxide increased. That is due to respiration which continued happening even when the person was holding its breath therefore as there was no rate of elimination and there was no more oxygen breathed in carbon dioxide levels increased since it is a byproduct of respiration. The second point also shows that the amount of pip is higher than the amount of APPC. At this point we had rates from hyperventilation. We see that both the amounts of pip and the rate of APPC are lower than the previous breath but normal levels. With hyperventilation the oxygen levels are lower from every other condition because the subject is taking short and fast breaths to satisfy it is immediate need for oxygen. Lower amounts of oxygen result to lower amounts of carbon dioxide. The third point shows the rates of respiration when a %5 of CO was introduced to the gas mixture. At this point the levels pip and APPC have increased from he previous breaths. The oxygen levels are reduced compared with the levels of carbon dioxide which is normal since the gas mixture contained 5% of carbon dioxide. Observe these results because at this point there was a large increase in the carbon dioxide resulting in oxygen to be slightly increased because there is a need for the organism to stay at equilibrium levels always so more oxygen uptake was needed. In the fourth section the re sults are more elevated than all the other points, but in addition is increased and compared to normal levels of exhaled air at rest. The results of this point were obtained after the breathing f 40% more oxygen than normal. With this respiration levels increased since a large amount of oxygen was breathed in and in this way the rate of carbon dioxide increased because is a byproduct of respiration. In the second graph, the green line shows the % rate of 02 compared to the four times of breathing different gases. Notice that the first and third point at the graph, when the subject was breathing normal air and then when a 5% of CO was added to the mixture, are the same amount. Believe that is because both oxygen and carbon dioxide increased as well so the saturation stayed at about normal levels. In hyperventilation it had the smallest percentage of oxygen saturation due to decreased amount of oxygen breathed in. On the other hand, the fourth point has the largest percentage of oxyge n breathing because the subject was breathing in a gas mixture that contained 40% more oxygen so it is normal that the oxygen saturation levels are the highest. Conclusion: This experiment helped us learn how to collect and analyses and expired air samples. They also learn how to appreciate the relative influence of 02 and CO on the control of respiration. Floating the aim of the experiment is to determine he risk, chemical and non-chemical, helping to be breathing. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Osmosis Lab Report Sample specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How to Generate a Steady Income as a Writer for Corporate Clients

How to Generate a Steady Income as a Writer for Corporate Clients Ever wish there was some way you could earn an income you can depend on from your writing? Enter the corporate client and the retainer agreement. Corporations often have a huge need for regular writers, especially those with a strong online presence. They need fresh content for their website, blog and newsletters. Rebecca Matter, President of American Writers Artists Inc (AWAI) advises writers to use retainers, and so does copywriter Angela Booth and content marketer Trent Dyrsmid. A retainer is a sum of money a company agrees to pay a writer a certain sum of money for an agreed upon amount of work. It is a win-win situation for both parties. Companies are guaranteed quality writing from a dependable source and writers can rest easy knowing they have steady money coming in every month. Ready markets for retainers Retainers are most suitable where there is a need for regular writing. Blogs need to be updated frequently. and many companies send out weekly newsletters to their clients. Businesses that want to rank well in Google need create fresh content. When writing for these companies, you must thoroughly research the industry and capture the voice of the business. How to find clients Start Another way to find clients is to search job boards like http://jobs.problogger.net/ and bloggingpro.com/jobs/ . You can also optimize your Linkedin profile, as companies also use the network to find freelance writers. Get prospects to say yes to a retainer When pitching a retainer deal, remember that clients expect a price break. Be sure to point out that How to price your services for success Prices should reflect not only the time you spend on the client but also the time you save not looking for other clients and getting to know their needs. You also need to consider what the rate would be if each task youll be performing were contracted separately and what savings to offer the client. Most importantly, decide on the minimum fee that would make the deal worthwhile for you and keep this in mind when negotiating. Protect yourself Avoid misunderstandings The amount and date of payment The amount and type of writing Invoicing procedures How each party can terminate the agreement For new clients, you should also request 50 percent upfront for the first month and include a date when the agreement will be reviewed. It is possible to earn consistent money writing for corporations. Focus on businesses with high volume writing needs, and hook them with a retainer agreement.

Discuss the impact of Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal and Essay

Discuss the impact of Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal and professional experiences prior to 1932 on his political, social, and - Essay Example Nonetheless, the individuals whose personal experiences played an immense role in obtaining the appropriate outcomes achieved heroic status with history classes filled with lessons about these personalities. One such personality is Franklin Delano Roosevelt whose experiences contributed to his political, social, and economic views, which were instrumental in defining the approach that he used to handle the Great Depression. Roosevelt was born as the only child of Sara and James in Hyde Park, New York on the January 30, 1882 (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). Hyde Park used to be an estate for farmers who lived a rural life in the Hudson Valley, which played an immense role in the life of young Roosevelt who developed a lifelong passion for forestry, which was instrumental in shaping some of his political, social, and economic views. In addition, his love for the rural life and people contributed to some of the policies that were immense in his career. Roosevelt went to school in various places and he joined Harvard Law School in 1900. However, he focused more on his social life and extracurricular activities, failed to complete his LL.B. degree, and only joined Columbia University Law School although he did not complete the courses required to get a degree although he gained admittance to the bar. Nonetheless, Roosevelt ventured into law practice, which effectively made him venture into politics and started his rise on the political ladder of the United States. In this case, he became a freshman senator for the State of New York in 1990 and the first legislation that he introduced was a legislation that was meant to protect farmers (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). In line with this, it is important to point out that this first legislation was a result of his personal upbringing among the rural people and his love for these people. In addition, Roosevelt headed the Senate Committee on Forest, Fish, and Game and this role helped him emerge as a leading conservationist. However, his conservation efforts did not emerge from his role in this Senate committee, but it was due to his background and his personal life in the rural setup. Following the election of Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt was appointed to the position of assistant secretary of the navy for seven years. This role was instrumental since he was able to thrust the navy into the limelight with the navy participating in the First World War. Importantly, Roosevelt advocated for a strong military that played an influential role in the war despite the then president advocating for a lesser military role. Consequently, Roosevelt played an instrumental role in absorbing the president from the war and he consequently gained a combination of idealistic and realistic ideas that helped him during the formation of the United Nations (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). Roosevelt suffered the effects of polio at the age of 39 years, which paralyzed his lower part of the body starting at the waist region going down to the legs (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). In effect, he could not walk again although he knew â€Å"with characteristic energy, optimism, ingenuity, and determination† that he would regain his strength (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). Consequently, he was able to start exercise regimens that helped him regain his

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 15

Report - Essay Example This project management plan is to provide information for the implementation of an information management system project, within the confines of a health care institution. The project management approach consists of a project management team with the client’s project manager and the IT specialist’s project manager. The plan clearly outlines the project structure and governance. The plan lists the stakeholders the risks identified. The project is to take 207 days. This project plan presents a breakdown of the functions that will be included in the implementation of an information management system within the healthcare sector, with a specific focus on Curtin Hospital. The project aims at devising an information management system in a hospital in order to augment the conveyance of services through making patient information readily available. With the increased adopted of information technology within different sectors, the implementation of the information management system marks the beginning of the fundamental changes which the hospital shall implement in seeking to improve service delivery. The intended audience for the information management system project in Curtis hospital is the various project stakeholders who include senior management of the hospital, project sponsors and the project management team Information technology has become essential in the improvement of service delivery within many industries. The implementation of information management systems within the healthcare sector presents healthcare institutions with an opportunity to utilize technological methods to enhance service delivery. The hospital utilizes manual records for the majority of the hospital records. There is need to create a digital database for this information which will begin with the conversion of the paper based records into digital formats. The system will enhance the process of retrieving

Ethical Dilemmas Faced by KFC

Ethical Dilemmas Faced by KFC 1.0 Introduction There are many ethical dilemmas that an organisation face and one of the organisations which faces major dilemmas is the Kentucky Fried Chicken. Firstly, the main objective of this report is to provide a discussion about the dilemmas faced by KFC and the ethical dilemmas that the company encounters. Secondly, evaluate the relative importance of these dilemmas and how Kentucky Fried Chicken is currently dealing with them. Then introduce the Kentucky Fried Chicken ethical best practices and values. Last give recommendations and strategic options to Kentucky Fried Chicken. 2.0 The main ethical dilemmas facing Kentucky Fried Chicken KFC is the most popular fast food brands in the world. The company was found by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952. KFC now boasts of operating, franchising, and serving a worldwide chain of around 11,000 fast food restaurants that prepare, package and sell a menu of ready to eat foods. (Source: KFC office website: http://www.kfc.com/ ) With the development of the living standard of the people. People can found obviously, more and more people change the health and nutritional attitudes and behaviours. People more concerned with their health and figures than ever before. Obviously, the reason for this increased concern is because of the fact information be reported in everywhere and every reports and research about fast food has no nutrition. It is junk food. It can not eat much. and so on. This is a dilemmas for KFC have faced, because it has already gain the reputation of a fast food that continuously provides greasy unhealthy food; .The company should do something about potential increase of shareholder value. Being one of the most popular fast food restaurants and with millions of people patronising the products and foods offered by the company, it is important the company adheres to ethical standards specifically in terms of providing healthy foods. However, it has been observed that Kentucky Fried Chicken is using oil which contains Trans fatty acids. This kind of oil is noted to increase cholesterol and even increased the risk of having heart disease. As authorities discovered this, the case was being carried over by the consumer group centre for Science in the Public Interest and told the company to use healthier cooking products than the one they are using.( Source : Ethics Management KFC) China has large population. To KFC, it has a large market and has got great success in china. It happen a great important event ‘ADK. KFC use food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red in their new product called New Orleans Roasted Wing. Chinas health ministry found it and stops KFC using the food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red. Let KFC use the safety food ingredients for cooking instead. ( Source: KFC Falls Prey to Sudan I) The shareholder of the Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation in order to gain competitive advantage, reduce the cost. Kentucky Fried Chicken is using oil which contains Trans fatty acids and food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red. Do the bad job; it is not act as supervisory role. The supplier supplies the oil which contains Trans fatty acids and food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red. It price hikes for exorbitant profits. This kind of behavior was a fraud. The government agency in case of finding defects, take corrective action accordingly. Then let the company to use healthier cooking products instead. It is protecting the interests of consumers. 3.0 Evaluate the Kentucky Fried Chicken dilemmas and Kentucky Fried Chicken deal dilemmas 3.1 Elevate the Kentucky Fried Chicken dilemmas KFC use the oil which contains Trans fatty acids and food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red in their new product called New Orleans Roasted Wing. It influences the brand and brings some negative effect, such as: bad press, media report, even in some countries, people demonstrated for boycott Kentucky Fried Chicken. Kentucky Fried Chicken may have said that they are not using these kinds of oils and food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red in their new product called New Orleans Roasted Wing to adhere to ethical standards of protecting the health of their customers. In order to increase international competitiveness and lead in competition than any other competitors, such as, McDonald, Subway, Pizza-Hut and so on. The traditional ethical stance of the company is to prevent actual problems on health and nutrition. However, there is an obvious lack for long term plans that will also maintain these developments even in years to come. Kentucky Fried Chicken should then realize that the company does not only have a responsibility to their current customers but to future generations as well. The scope of responsibility as cited in this discussion should include the provision of respect for others, honest and pure intentions as well as protection from harm. The management of the company should be responsible in maintaining that healthy and nutritional foods which future generations will need as well so as to survive. But Kentucky Fried Chicken realizes the gravity of the situation. It stopped use the kinds of oils and food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red and take effective steps to plan a rescue operation for the dilemmas. The Kentucky Fried Chicken has its own principle. It is customer focus. The companys ethical stance should not be based on short term goals. The company is still encountering negative issues brought about by its negligent behavior. But these efforts do not directly address the problem. The company is still encountering negative issues brought about by its negligent behaviors. 3.2 Kentucky Fried Chicken deal dilemmas KFC though the media report, make a public apology for use the oil which contains Trans fatty acids and food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red. KFC also make a promise for consumers in general. Never use the oil which contains Trans fatty acids and food ingredients for cooking with the Sudan Red. It has promised a thorough investigation into the affair. KFC find a sound business firm to cooperation. Let the government agency reinspection.The firm dropped its supersizing options, and put a range of new healthy options on the menu, including salads and grilled chicken flatbreads and so on. Due to use the oil which contains Trans fatty acids, provide some negative effect, it make the consumer reduce. Overall sales are down. So KFC make the promotion, like produce economic suite, increase profits by reducing costs or distribute special discount voucher in public places also can download from KFC official website. 4.0 Kentucky Fried Chicken best practice s and Value Kentucky Fried Chicken often join the in public service activities and committed to its communities. Kentucky Fried Chicken in China often giving back to the community. From 1992 to 1997, the Kentucky Fried Chicken contributes funds for Chinese† hope project† every year. It has sponsored the One Million Peoples Love Movement and the 1 (family) + 1 (dropout) Help Movement, mobilizing the entire society to help dropouts return to school. From the 1996 to 1997, only two years, the collection of funds runs up to 2.5 million. (Source: KFCs community activities ) May 12th, 2008. The Sichuan province of China suffers an earthquake. Kentucky Fried Chicken contributes funds15.8 million through the China Charity Federation, Chinese Red Cross Foundation and China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation. Except the donate money, Kentucky Fried Chicken also offer the supply of some essential goods like purified water, bread, sunshade, health gauze mask †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦for earthquake in Sichuan . (Source: List of Donors of Sichuan earthquake ) Kentucky Fried Chicken contributes funds. One aspect is Kentucky Fried Chicken make contribute to social benefit. On the other hand, it will bring the intangible benefit to Kentucky Fried Chicken. Such as, join the public benefit activities, Brand name awareness will increase. Kentucky Fried Chicken has attracted a lot of publicity. For example: Kentucky Fried Chicken joins the public benefit activities, the media report, newspaper and internet will report the current events. People will know the best practice of Kentucky Fried Chicken. The Kentucky Fried Chicken behavior left public a very good impression. This is intangible benefit, intangible asset. Brand name awareness of Kentucky Fried Chicken was improved. Kentucky Fried Chicken buy the chicken, vegetables, bread, packing chest equipment and building construction materials from materials suppliers. Kentucky Fried Chicken evaluate and to train the related materials suppliers. The kind of behavior bring the tangible benefit to Kentucky Fried Chicken, It helps the materials suppliers improve the product quality. Kentucky Fried Chicken can use good raw material, make tasty food. 5.0 Recommendation to Kentucky Fried Chicken With the dilemmas faced by Kentucky Fried Chicken, the recommendation for the company should be able to use an ethical management strategy that will uplift the image of the company. 5.1 The way for creativity spread Kentucky Fried Chicken though the media, internet and other ways to uplift the image of the company. For example: The new advertising creative design is remarkable. In a short period of time, KFCs brand image will be into the minds of consumers. Looking back the past three years, Kentucky Fried Chicken ad is easily find, KFC more often reflect the image of its localization. Through nutrition, health, and thanksgiving brochures design, it has let the customer out from the â€Å"2005 Sudan incident† shadows. It is more of recognition of its brand and products. So it needs creativity of media to spread. In the market, it should confirm and locked on target customer. Though creative advertising, to achieve the product image and brand effectively increase and promotion. Kentucky Fried Chicken can advertising on bus. It can show the KFCs slogan an also can show the promotion information.   It should related peoples life. 5.2 Innovative promotions Sales promotion is an important market tool to enhance product sales. Meanwhile, we also can see that this was also an important way to show the corporate brand image. For example: In Malaysia, McDonald makes a promotion. It is Mc Value lunch 12 noon-3 pm, Monday-Sunday. It gets good effect. So when Kentucky Fried Chicken in the design of promotional programs, there must be new and unique. Let the consumer and media also can join it, the media reporting and dissemination initiative. The promotions plan can get the consumers allow. Corporate image and brand in their promotional activities have been further consolidated and increased. 5.3 Take effective measures Due to more and more people change the health and nutritional attitudes and behaviours. People more concerned with their health and figures than ever before. Obviously, the reasons for this increased concern is because of the fact information and KFC use the ingredients include hazardous substance. KFC should take effective measures. KFC can establish dietician department. Make the healthy and nutritious food and make the nutritional survey and food inspection report to the product. The dietician department also should to make a food safety inspection. In order let public set their mind at rest, KFC can invite the food inspector to food inspection. In respect to choice the suppliers, it cant careless .It should choice a sound business firm and prevent bad things from happening again. 6.0 Conclusion Business ethics is currently a very prominent business topic, and the debates and dilemmas surrounding business ethics have tended to attract an enormous amount of attention from various quarters. For a start, consumers and pressure groups appear to be increasingly demanding firms to seek out more ethical and ecologically sounder ways of doing business. The media also constantly seems to be keeping the spotlight on corporate abuses and malpractices. And even firms themselves appear to be increasing recognizing that being ethical (or at the very least being seen to be ethical) may actually be good for business. Ethical issues confront organizations whatever line of business they might be in. (Source; business ethics 2nd edition, author; Andrew Crane, Dirk matten.) In a word, it can be said that business ethical is very important to a business organization. It can help a business organization easily earning the respect of clients and win general acclaim. Contrary to the belief that social responsibility undermines businesses profitability goal, this actually help in generating profit through customer loyalty and good company image. For Kentucky Fried Chicken, the KFC Company must be able to ensure that the products that they offer are healthy and nutritional, so that it can make sure that Kentucky Fried Chicken can gain customer trust, loyalty, respect and the corporate image will be protected and developed.

Case for Analysis: Work Redesign in an Insurance Company

Running Head: WORK REDESIGN IN INSURANCE COMPANY Case for Analysis: Work Redesign in an Insurance Company 1. Explain which core characteristics of the employees’ jobs will be changed if the consultant’s recommendations are accepted. Answer: The core characteristic that needs to be changed according to the consultant’s recommendation is the job range. Employees only had a job depth but very little job range. The consultant suggested the company to change operation structure to a client basis from functional orientation, in which each employee would handle every aspect of service as issuing policies, collecting premiums, change beneficiaries, processing loan application pertaining to a particular policyholder. This company has a great job depth; the manager of internal operation believes that, this is the key of success of the company. The job depth is considered as the source of knowledge base and expertise in the firm. The consultant has come to an opposite conclusion according to the information provided by the employees. He considered and concluded that if the job nature and dimension can be spread horizontally then monotonous nature of work can be changed and employees can be motivated. He added inclusion if electronic data management system will reduce the amount of manual task offered to individual employee and that will eventually cut off the labor cost to the firm. 2. Which alternative redesign strategies should be considered? For example, job rotation and job enlargement are possible alternatives. What are the relevant considerations for these and other designs in the context of this company? Answer: Job redesign is actually restructuring the elements of the job by making it more motivating to the performer. It enhances the motivational potential of the job by altering core job dimensions. Job redesign strategies that can be considered are job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Redesigning a job by altering its job range can be performed by either job rotation or job enlargement. Job enlargement is considered a horizontal restructuring method, in which the job is enlarged by adding related tasks. In this case the organization has separate departments to issue policies, collect premiums, change beneficiaries and process loan applications. To enlarge these jobs or to convert it into a client basis, it can be redesigned such as one employee will be responsible for all transaction related to a particular policy holder. Job enlargement can also result in greater workforce flexibility. In this job enlargement design technique, the number of tasks associated with a job is increased to add greater variety to activities, thus reducing monotony. Employees are bored with monotonic schedule of jobs, so by implementing this technique it will be possible to regain employee satisfaction. A job design technique in which employees are moved between two or more jobs in a planned manner is known as job rotation. The objectives is to expose the employees to different experiences and wider variety of skills to enhance job and to cross-train them. In this Insurance Company the employees for different departments can be rotated within the organization. This one may be an alternative redesign strategy. From the employee perspective this can be another strategy that can be taken into consideration, as this will help to reduce repetitive nature of jobs. The other job redesign technique that can be used is for redesigning job is job enrichment; this is a process to redesign job depth. Job enrichment adds new sources of job satisfaction by increasing the level of responsibility of the employee. In this organization every employee is an expert in their own domain, so the organization is very efficient. Employees are already working in a much enriched situation, so employee grievances won’t be reduced with this technique. While job enlargement is considered a horizontal restructuring method, job enrichment is a vertical restructuring method by virtue of giving the employee additional authority, autonomy, and control over the way the job is accomplished. For this company the problem is the employees are interested in job redesign by changing job range while the manager of internal operation is more interested in job redesign by increasing job depth. The employees are getting bored by monotonic work schedule, they are feeling uncared by the authority and these may be the reasons of high absenteeism. 3. What would be your decision in this case? What should management be willing to pay for employee satisfaction? Defend your answer. Answer: In my opinion Total Quality Management (TQM) combining the ideas of job enrichment and socio-technical theory will be the best fit here. Managers who implement TQM design jobs that empower individuals to make important decisions about service quality. This empowerment process will encourage participative management, team-oriented task modules, and autonomy. The electronic data processing system is very much required for this organization. Before starting job redesign the authority should consider the following facts. * Assessing the need for job redesigning -It has centrally involved problems with motivation, satisfaction and work effectiveness. -Employees think that there is problem with design of the work. * Determining the feasibility of job redesign -How ready are the employees for the change? How hospitable are organizational systems to needed change? * Enabling conditions -Reward system facilitating implementation. -Organizational climate facilitating implementation. – Employee development program: Employees should be regularly taken through various development programs such as training, classes, short term diploma etc in order to set them to the highest standard of professional strength and to maintain a highly skill ed workforce. Employees should be able to participate in the program of their choice in their spare time to develop and manage their career. Reward metrics and evaluation against the metric: Management should come up with an attractive and challenging reward metric to evaluate performance of individuals. More challenging and realistic metric will extract better performance and satisfaction from human resource. – Team building events: Team building events such as outing, camping, sport events are the excellent options to tether work force under the organizational culture. Employees should be able to select their preferred mode of celebration and team building process. Team building events facilitate sharing similar culture and competition across peer teams. – Assigning higher responsibilities towards organizational goals: Employees should be assigned higher responsibilities with time. This enables employees to stretch more on their capabilities to take work load and also provides a feel of pride and ownership. – Employee reorganization: Employees should be recognized either as individual or as team for their periodic accomplishments and should be awarded accordingly. This will enhance their confidence level and create healthy competition across organization. Employee review program – Employee satisfaction level must be reviewed by management on periodic basis. Employee satisfaction should be evaluated on multiple concerns as their work life balance, perks, work place comforts etc. – Motivating work force through dynamic management team: Last but not the least employees must be lead by enthusiastic and pioneer management teams who can lead by example. Dynamic management brings new ideas to the team and provides new challenges to the work force to exercise their skill set. References Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, Konopaske, Organizations: behavior – structure – processes,  14th edition

Urbanisation In The Gulf Corporation Council Countries Environmental Sciences Essay

With the current procedure of urbanization in the Gulf Corporation Council Countries, important alterations occur in their landscape. Such a procedure can take to an addition in the temperature of urban parts to go warmer than their rural milieus, organizing islands of higher temperatures. Within this context, some beginnings have shown that Centres of urban parts in hot clime similar to that of the GCCC experience elevated temperatures within the scope of 2-4  °C when compared to their rural milieus ( Wong and Jusuf, 2008 ) . This difference is what constitutes urban heat islands ( UHI ) which are usually formulated on surfaces and in the ambiance. Physically, there is no direct but important influence on each other, particularly in the instance of surfaces temperature. The addition in surface temperature impacts the strength of local and lee ambient air temperature, particularly the closest to the surfaces, because of assorted convective heat fluxes from the surface. Many factors contribute to the development of UHI. Some are related to the nature such as conditions and location. Others are related to human activity such as the decrease of flora and H2O organic structures, urban geometry and stuffs, and anthropogenetic heat ( EPA, 2012 ) . Sato et Al. ( 2008 ) , for illustration, assessed the UHI on an urban graduated table and compared the regional features of the atmospheric heat balance at the Centre of Tokyo. The consequence of this survey showed a decrease in atmospheric UHI due to the handiness of sea zephyr. Recent surveies in the development of UHI due to urban activities have been reviewed by Wong, Jusuf, Syafi, et Al ( 2011 ) . Saleh ( 2011 ) for case, evaluated the impact of urban growing in Baghdad metropolis on the surface UHI and recommended the integrating of remote detection and geographical information system ( GIS ) . While, Hung et Al ( 2006 ) used distant feeling for comparative appraisal of UHI in 18 mega metropoliss in both temperate a nd tropical clime parts and analysed the development of UHI in association with urban flora screens and surface energy fluxes. Much survey has analysed urban activities that contribute to the development of UHI. Giannopoulou et Al. ( 2011 ) carried out a elaborate statistical analysis of UHI features in Athens and concluded that the visual aspect of high air temperatures was reinforced by the increased urbanization and industrialization coupled with the increased anthropogenic heat and the deficiency of flora. Urban elements and surfaces play a important function in modifying the microclimate. This alteration has been evaluated by many surveies. Some considered the function of land usage such as Jusuf et Al. ( 2007 ) who showed the assorted impacts of land use on urban temperature. In the daylight, the industrial country was found to be with the highest surface temperature, followed by commercial, airport, residential, and park countries in falling order. During the dark clip, nevertheless, the order was commercial, residential, park, industrial, and airdrome. Other surveies such as that of Li et Al ( 2011 ) investigated how landscape composing and constellation would impact UHI in the metropolitan Centres based on the analysis of land surface temperature in relation to normalised difference flora index, flora fraction, and per centum imperviable surface country. The others studied the impact of urban surfaces. Lopes et Al. ( 2011 ) , for case, examined the impact of surfaces and aerodynamic raggedness and concluded that the addition in raggedness from windward would do a 40 % decrease of the air current velocity. Within this context, Huang et Al ( 2009 ) analysed the surface air temperature records every bit good as borehole subsurface temperature records and recommended the combination of heat conductivity in the subsurface and the heat convection of the air in order to gauge the full extent of urban heat island impacts on the environment The alteration of climatic conditions due to urban activities impacts the microclimate, thermic environment and quality of human life as can be seen in the increased energy demand for chilling edifices, elevated nursery gases and compromised human comfort. A recent survey by Lin et Al ( 2008 ) showed the impact UHI on the microclimate, including electrical storms. This survey found that the heat island impact over the field could unhinge thermic and dynamic procedures and hence impact the location of electrical storms and precipitation over Taiwan ‘s western field. Furthermore, alterations in the microclimate, peculiarly elevated temperatures during the summer months impact the energy ingestion. Flor et Al. ( 2004 ) showed that energy ingestion of edifices was related to solar tonss, air current flow forms and external air temperature. So, betterments on urban microclimate were direct and indirect effects on energy nest eggs. Stromann-Andersen and Sattrup ( 2011 ) examined the ways that the energy public presentation of low-energy edifices in a north-European scene was affected by their context and found that the geometry of urban canons had an impact on entire energy ingestion in the scope of up to 30 % for offices and 19 % for lodging. In Tokyo city, Huang et Al. ( 2005 ) used field measurings and numerical simulation plans to look into the existent position of an urban thermic environment in a complex urban country covering a big territory warming and chilling system, while, Kikegawa et Al. ( 2006 ) quantified the possible impacts of UHI countermeasures upon edifices energy usage during the summer and suggested two steps to cut down the chilling energy, viz. , decrease in the air-conditioning anthropogenetic heat and increasing vegetive fraction. Simultaneously, alterations in urban temperatures impact the thermic behavior of new built up countries. Robitu et Al. ( 2006 ) assessed this impact on urban microclimate, covering the function of flora and H2 O organic structures. While Fahmey and Sharples ( 2009 ) examined how urban signifier can be designed to move as a inactive thermal comfort system. At the same clip, Wong, Nichol, Ng ( 2011 ) assessed the impact of â€Å" wall consequence † edifices on urban temperature within densely territories and stated that taking some costal edifices was indispensable to increase air airing to urban countries inland. In their surveies to look into the chilling public presentation in traditional and modern urban contexts in Dubai Al-Sallal and Al-Rais ( 2011 ) and Al-Sallal and Al-Rais ( 2012 ) found that narrow street canons in modern urban forms could speed up air currents velocity go throughing through it, ensuing in a better inactive chilling public presentation.Research aims and justificationTechnically, UHI is caused by urbanization when edifices, roads, and other substructure elements replace unfastened land or sea. This state of affairs is really obvious in the GCCC where the cur rent demand for lodging and substructure is increasing. As stated in subdivision 1, this demand is taking to the changing of landscape, from flora, sand and H2O to hard surface edifice blocks. Exposing these blocks to the direct Sun increases the temperature of their surfaces and the ambiance, and accordingly impacts the regional conditions, energy ingestion and thermic comfort through the alteration of climatic variables. However ; there are limited surveies measuring this impact on the new urban parts of the GCCC. Bahrain is an interesting topographic point to analyze the development of UHI and its deductions since it is as a little island province in the Gulf part, where there is a minor differentiation between urban and rural lands. Therefore, analysis on the urban enlargement in Bahrain is suited to analyze the tendency of increased temperature in the GCCC. This work, hence, purposes at measuring the impact of urbanization on the thermic behavior of new built up countries in Ba hrain. The chief focal point is placed on the summer period with the following aims: To measure the function of urban enlargement in the development of summer atmospheric UHI within the canopy bed. To analyze how the summer thermal behavior of new built up countries is affected by different urban elements. The result of this work may stand for interesting recommendations for urban contrivers refering with the betterment of thermic behavior with minimal energy ingestion. The first and most logical measure is to present a brief background about Bahrain.Bahrain profileAs depicted in Figure 1, Bahrain is a little archipelago, comprises a group of 40 islands. Recent statistics indicate that the land country consists of 735 km2 or approximately 3.5 times the size of Washington DC ( Fowler et al, 2006 ) . It is located in the Persian Gulf ( Besides known as the Arabian Gulf ) and here after referred to as the â€Å" Gulf part † with geographic locations extend from 50A ° 20Iˆ Tocopherol 50A ° 50Iˆ UZE for Longitudes, and from 25A ° 32Iˆ N to 26A ° 26Iˆ N for Latitudes. The clime of Bahrain can be described as a mild winter and highly hot summer ( Elagib and Abdu, 1997 ) . The features of this clime resemble those of waterless and semi-arid zones: rainfall is low , irregular, seasonal and variable, comparative humidness is besides high, particularly during the showery seasons, and temperatures are variable but high. Figure 2 shows a brief analysis of climatic elements in Bahrain. The analysis shows an overall annual mean temperature of 26.5oC with a monthly norm maximal temperature of 38oC ( August ) and a monthly norm minimal temperature of 14.4oC ( January ) . The monthly mean comparative humidness is 62 % , with a maximal monthly norm of 72 % and a minimal monthly norm of 50 % . Wind from North East way throughout the twelvemonth is a characteristic of Bahrain. The air current velocity norm shows little fluctuation, being by and large low from April to December with a monthly norm of 4.2 m/s, while from January to March it is good above 5.1 m/s, making a monthly norm of 5.2 m/s in February. Bahrain is blessed with a high solar radiation degree. The highest monthly norms of entire and direct radiation are 585 W/m2 and 383 W/m2. An of impor t point is that solar parametric quantities have about the same values at different sites in Bahrain. The aforesaid analysis illustrates the general clime measured at Bahrain international airdrome, which is rather different from local conditions conditions in many other locations. This work assesses alterations in the microclimate of a figure of sites all over Bahrain due to the current urbanization procedure, and analyze how such a procedure impact the summer thermal behavior of urban parts.Assessment methodological analysisAs introduced in subdivision 1, there are two types of UHI, viz. , atmospheric and surface heat islands. Different methods were reported ( EPA, 2012 ) to place these two types, including direct and indirect methods, numerical modeling, and estimations based on empirical theoretical accounts. This work uses assorted methods to measure the UHI. The appraisal passed through two chief stairss: foremost, measuring the impact of urbanization on the atmospheric UHI within the canopy bed, and 2nd, measuring the alteration in the thermic behavior of new built up countrie s due to different urban elements. Figure 3 illustrates the procedure of informations aggregation, analysis and consequences.Step-1: Measuring the impact of urbanization on the atmospheric UHIIn general footings the features of atmospheric UHI were analysed by utilizing, physical measurings, advanced statistics of conditions informations and applications of geographical information systems ( GIS ) .Physical measurings and conditions informationsAs depicted in Table 1, the undermentioned informations and tools were utilised to analyze the impact of urban enlargement on the development of atmospheric UHI. Assorted maestro programs and land usage maps provided by the Urban Planning Department ( 2010 ) . They were collected as digital and scanned transcripts and related to the period between 1960 and 2010. Distant feeling informations: orbiter images obtained from Landsat 7 ( USGS. 2010 ) . Temperature informations and sets of elaborate measured conditions informations provided by the Meteorological Directorate ( 2010 ) . Temperature values and other conditions informations were collected as digital transcripts. They were measured by utilizing fixed and nomadic meteoric Stationss in the airdrome and other sites all over Bahrain and were related to 2009.GIS applicationsA figure of GIS applications were used in this analysis, including: Google Earth application ( 2010 ) was used to place studied countries and rapid climb into hot musca volitanss. ArcGIS-ArcMap 9.3 applications ( ESRI, 2008 ) were foremost used to change over digital and scanned maestro programs, map orbiter images every bit good as digital conditions informations to vectors ( shape-files ) . It so were utilised to oblige informations ; pull off geographic information and registry and use raster sheathing procedure. Environmental patterning package: ENVI 4.5 ( 2008 ) was used for an accurate spatial and geostatic analysis. To place the features of urban enlargement during the last few decennaries, remote feeling informations and governmental studies represented by orbiter images, land usage maps and maestro programs ( 1960-2010 ) were superimposed by agencies of Google Earth ( Google Earth, 2010 ) and GIS application-ArcMap ( ESRI, 2008 ) . Weather information of the survey sites were so used to measure the strength of UHI due to urban enlargement. These informations were inserted into the GIS applications in order to make weather informations shape-files utilizing the ArcMap and to bring forth temperature profiles of sites under survey. ArcMap was besides used for enrollment procedure and using raster sheathing procedure. For more accurate spatial and geostatic analyses, the consequences were loaded into the ENVI package ( ENVI, 2008 ) . Using this package enabled to cognize the sum built up countries in combination with the temperature classes every bit good as to obtain elaborate information on the value of each temperature category per location. Given that UHI impacts the summer thermal behavior, specific temperature informations of two summer yearss ( 15 of June & A ; 21 of August ) were analysed. They were chosen based on the highest mean entire solar radiation and the highest mean hourly average temperature. In add-on, 21st of August was identified by some scientific surveies ( Radhi, 2009 ) as being the summer design twenty-four hours. The chief focal point of this survey was placed on the peak hr and therefore, mean average air temperature differences during the period between 15.00 and 16.00 autopsies were computed for two yearss. Temperatures reordered at Bahrain international airdrome were considered as the mention instance. The temperature differences between the mention instance and other 13 survey sites were calculated. The survey sites and their features are given in Table 2.Step-2: Measuring the impact of urban elements on UHIIn add-on to the consequences of step-1, elaborate measured weather informations, the S ketchUp package ( 2010 ) and computational fluid kineticss ( CFD ) applications, represented by PHOENICS ( Cham, 2011 ) were utilised to analyze the thermic behavior of new built up countries. PHOENICS is a general intent CFD package bundle. It predicts quantitatively how fluids such as air flow in and around edifices. PHOENICS was chosen due to its pre-processing, data-processing and post-processing capablenesss. Table 3 high spots these capablenesss every bit good as the restrictions of this bundle. With regard to the current instance, PHOENICS allows the definition of the transient Sun angle and the strength of the thermal radiation which is a map of clip. It besides enables constructing up urban surfaces and landscape elements ( e.g. , edifices, roads and H2O organic structures from different stuffs, which can be selected from a constitutional belongings data-base. In some instances ( flora ) new stuffs are added to the bing data-base through the FORTRAN user modus operandis. Two theoretical accounts, stand foring two major territories in Bahrain, were studied. They differ in footings of locations, construction, weather forecasting, typography, geometrical constellation and land screen. As illustrated in Figure 4, the first territory is WADI AL-SAIL ( WD-SL ) , located in the center of Bahrain with hot waterless conditions. The 2nd is AMWAJ ISLANDS ( AMJ-ISLND ) . It is manmade islands in the northern costal with hot humid conditions. Based on their specification and physical measurings, geometrical theoretical accounts were foremost developed utilizing the SketchUp package. These theoretical accounts were so exported into the PHOENICS application.Model scenes and boundary conditionsFigure 5 illustrates the developed theoretical accounts that reflect the overall dimensions of the solution sphere every bit good as the measurement points that were placed to enter temperatures with air current flow velocity. The survey countries were with the scope of 0.35 k m2 ( AMJ-ISLNDS ) and 0.18 km2 ( WD-SL ) . They were divided into ( squares ) cells by 30 points distributed along X and Y axes. The distance between axes was set at 100 m with an norm between 50 and 150 m matching to the distance between the urban elements. Maximal distance was limited by the street canons, landscape elements and boundaries of the survey countries. As the surface air temperature conventionally measured around 1.5 m ( Huang et al, 2009 ) , the tallness was set at 1.5-1.7 m above the land degree. As illustrated above in Figure 5, the two theoretical accounts contain different urban constituents to reflect the survey countries. The grid convergence and truth of the representation of non-orthogonal surfaces was improved by utilizing smaller grid spacing and in some instances specific grid parts were modified to increase the truth. The figure of cells was set to 450.000 for the WD-SL theoretical account and 500.000 for AMJ-ISLND. A great figure of CFD simulations were carried out. The figure of loops required till convergence ranged from 115000 for the former to 125000 for the latter. Table 4 shows the boundary conditions of the two instances. They were determined by solar radiation, out-of-door temperature and air current flow during the summer design twenty-four hours between 15.00 and 14.00 autopsy.Urban modeling attackPHOENICS ( Cham, 2010 ) and its convergent thinker ( Earth ) were used for an accurate analysis and to let whizzing in on the inside informations of the air mo tion and temperature and fluxing distribution within the theoretical accounts. The regulating partial differential equations for preservation of mass, impulse, and energy in a turbulent flow system is shown in the undermentioned equation, and solved with a common numerical algorithm in the codification: ( 1 ) PHOENICS solves a finite-volume preparation of the balance equation beginning term. It uses air as a default flow medium with temperature dependant belongingss and is supplied with several agencies of calculating heat transportation. The current simulation was performed utilizing: Turbulence: the RNG k-I µ theoretical account Thermal radiation: the IMMERSOL ( Immersed solid ) theoretical account Air turbulency represented by the renormalisation group ( RNG ) turbulency theoretical account was used to foretell the flow and motion of air and temperature response of the developed theoretical accounts. Assuming gravitation in the x-direction and utilizing the incompressible flow clip averaged equations, the RNG k-I µ is simplified as: ( 2 ) The RNG k-I µ is a RANS turbulency eddy-viscosity theoretical account and belongs to the subcategory called Two-Equations. The RNG k-I µ is one of the most common turbulency theoretical accounts in usage for airflow simulation in the reinforced environment. The usage of this theoretical account can be justified based on the many polishs occurred when compared with the criterions k-I µ ( Pasut & A ; Carli, 2012 ) . The disruptive kinetic energy Ks, rate of energy kinetic dissipation and the equation for turbulent eddy viscousness are illustrated in equations ( 3, 4 and 5 ) . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) IMMERSOL ( Immersed solid ) theoretical account was utilised to attest the solar radiation. The usage of IMMERSOL is related to its ability to supply an economically-realisable estimate to the precise mathematical representation of radiative transportation, in add-on to its truth and plausibleness ( Cham, 2010 ) . During the simulation, the entire solar radiation is absorbed by the urban elements ( Q ) . Equation ( 6 ) shows that direct and diffuse radiation is stored by surfaces and therefore the radiation temperature T3 is the temperature of these surfaces. Within the urban parts, the distribution of beaming temperature derived from radiosity E = I? ( T3 ) 4, and can be represented by equation ( 7 ) . The beaming temperature between surfaces within the urban part can be computed at any location in the sphere. ( 6 ) ( 7 ) Where Equation 7 describes the air ( flow medium ) radiation in footings of conductivity. The impact of conductivity of surfaces and radiation between them can be specified by the immersed-solids temperature T throughout the sphere, with a position-and T-dependent conduction. Climatic conditions of the nearest locations were considered as mentions. The temperature differences between the mentions and examined territories were so calculated.Result and treatmentThis work foremost assesses the impact of urban enlargement on UHI. It so examines the thermic behavior of new built environments due to assorted urban elements and carried out numerical simulation for existent complex urban countries, covering two mixed-use territories.Urban enlargement in Bahrain ( 1960-2010 )Detection of urban enlargement in Bahrain was carried out utilizing assorted high declaration maestro programs, land usage maps and satellite images. Figure 6 illiterates the urban enlargement between 1960 and 2010. The illustr ation shows a major urbanization in the northern half of the island accompanied with a important desertification in the southern half. During the 1960th, the urban colonies system and land usage forms were influenced by the important alterations in economic and societal construction every bit good as the governmental engagement which played a major function in determining metropoliss and colonies. This can be seen clearly in the current morphology of Manama cardinal ( M.CNTRL ) and Muharraq. Simultaneously, new colonies and extensions of metropoliss such as Isa Town ( I.TOWN ) , Hamad Town ( H.TOWN ) and most late WADI Al-SEAL ( WD-SL ) were planned in a grid form. Heavy industrial composites were the feature of the late 1970th and the beginning of the 1980th. The analysis of this period showed that most mills were located on the East and North East sides of Bahrain Island, peculiarly in SITRA. In the late 1990th, a new two-folded scheme purposes at developing touristry and finance has been adopted. In footings of touristry, many substructure investings have been made to pull foreign and regional capitals in new touristry countries. A clear illustration is best seen in the investing of the auto rushing Formula-1 in the abandoned country of Suker ( SKR ) . Other illustrations are the immense shopping Centres and hypermarkets in M.CNTRL. The outgrowth of this tendency has been accompanied with systematic sea renewal. This attitude was expressed in the freshly developed and ample sites. An obvious illustration is seen in Bahrain Diplomatic country ( DPLMTC ) and the Financial Harbour ( BFH ) , which replaced the old haven ( O.SEAPORT ) . Durrat al -Bahrain ( DRT-BAH ) in the southern half of the island and AMWAJ ISLANDS ( AMJ-ISLND ) in North of Muharraq are other clear illustrations. The renewal is dispersed all over Bahrain Island, but is fundamentally located on the coastline. By 2010, between 65 and 75 km2 of costal country was reclaimed.Micro-climatic alteration introduced by urbanizationTo cipher the country of urban enlargement and land usage, ocular screen digitization technique was used. The urban built up countries were identified as polygons as illustrated above in Figure 6. It can be seen that the built up urban country increased indiscriminately more than four times during the last few decennaries. The geostatic analysis in Figure 7 shows an increasing tendency in all land usage classs with a fast rate in lodging, commercial and industrial land usage during different periods. Urban enlargement through sea renewal and destructive land usage, normally gives rise to a dramatic alteration in the landscape, as H2O org anic structures and natural surfaces are removed and replaced by non-evaporating and non-transpiring surfaces such as metal, asphalt and concrete. This procedure can take to increase the temperature and accordingly change the microclimate of new urban parts. Figure 8 compares mean average temperature values of the survey sites. Valuess during June exceed 30 oC in most locations ( Airport 33.7 oC ) , while values during August exceed 37 oC in urban lands ( Airport 38.4 oC ) , contributes to the being of higher temperature values in urban parts. The spacial analysis in Figure 9 shows the mean average temperatures of survey sites in the summer design twenty-four hours ( 21st of August ) . Some observations can be highlighted. First, the mean average temperatures of urban lands at the northern portion are higher than those of rural lands at the southern portion. Second, with the exclusion to the Budaiya country ( BUDYIA ) , the temperature differences between the Airport ( BASE ) and other urban lands in the northern parts are ever positive, which means that the air temperature in the airdrome is ever lower. The higher values are observed in the industrial territory of Sitra ( SITRA ) , followed by the commercial and concern territory of Manama cardinal ( M.CNTRL ) , and so the dumbly residential territories of Hamad Town ( H.TOWN ) , Isa Town ( I.TOWN ) and Hidd ( HIDD ) . These consequences may stand for the order of urban temperature reported by Jusuf et Al. ( 2007 ) . However, H.TOWN and I.TOWN are residential territories but with temperature values higher than the airdrome. This difference is due the location of the airdrome near to the sea, while the two residential territories are located in abandoned countries. Third, the temperature differences between the BASE and other rural lands in the southern portion are ever negative, which means that the temperature in the airdrome is ever higher. The lower values are observed in Blajj Al-Jazair ( B.JZR ) , followed by Durrat Al-Bahrain ( DRT-BHR ) and so the Sukar ( SKR ) country. Temperature values of SKR are the highest amongst others in the southern portion. This is merely because SKR is a abandoned country, where the auto rushing Formula-1 is constructed. In the instance of DRT.BHR, it is a new constructed urban territory with assorted land use. The costal location with sea zephyr may stand for an advantage for DRT.BAH. An of import point to observe is that the temperature values in islands such as Umm AL-Nassan ( U.NSN ) and Fashet Al-Jaram ( F.JRM ) are lower than most sites in Bahrain. U.NSN is occupied with some urban elements, and thereby, the temperature values are higher than in F.JRM with approximately 1.5 oC. Finally, Centres of metropolitan countries experiences higher temperatures when compared with their rural milieus. M.CNTRL, for illustration, is found to be warmer than the corresponding values of the AIRPORT every bit good as warmer than its costal boundaries, represented by DPMTC-AREA and BFH where the sea zephyr from the North East contributes towards lower temperatures. Harmonizing to the weather forecasting, the air temperature over sea is lower than that over land by at least 3oC. This is because of temperatures of sea surfaces which reaches 18oC, 35oC and 26.8oC for the lower limit ( January ) , maximal ( August ) and mean severally. The consequences in Figure 10 shows that temperature values in urban lands at the northern portion are higher than the corresponding values at the BASE by 2-3 oC every bit good as higher than values of rural lands at the southern portion by 3-5 oC. The performed geostatic and spacial analyses indicate that the higher temperature values are occurred at the northern portion due to assorted human activities. SITRA is with the highest values due to industrialization and anthropogenetic heat, followed by M.CNTRL due to ongoing monolithic concern and commercial enlargement coupled with heavy traffic, and so dumbly built territories such as H.TOWN, I.TOWN and HIDD due to high concentration of people and monolithic residential enlargement. BYDDIA country is with the lowest values amongst other urban lands due to the presence of flora coupled with its location near to the sea with predominating air current from North East seashore. With the recent ongoing lessening in green countries, rapid u rban and systematic land and sea renewal, it is expected that temperatures will increase more and act upon the thermic behavior in urban parts. The following subdivision examines how the thermic behavior in such part is affected by assorted urban and landscape elements.Impacts of urban elements on UHILocation, construction, urban design and above all the presence of landscape elements can modify the microclimate and influence the summer thermal behavior of urban parts. To exemplify this logical thinking, CFD analyses were performed for two existent territories. Wind flow ( u ) , air temperature ( T ) and average beaming temperature ( Tmrt ) were modelled and the predicted average ballot ( PMV ) was estimated at the peak hr ( 15.00-16.00 autopsy ) of summer design twenty-four hours ( August the 21st ) .Impact on air current flowWind flows in the two survey countries are shown in Figure 11 ( A & A ; B ) . In general, the speed Fieldss show that the air current is tunnelled and H2O org anic structures are doing in some countries random wind flow distribution. In AMJ-ISLND, the chief urban elements, which impact wind flow, seem to be H2O organic structures and edifice blocks. On the one manus, the air current speed is increasing at the boundaries due to the sea zephyr which arises due to differential warming between land and H2O surfaces. As mentioned in subdivision 3.2 that temperatures of sea surfaces are lower than those of land surfaces by at least 3 oC. With the exclusion of point X3Y1 ( 3.4 m/s ) , all points distributed along Y1, show a fast rate of air current flow from the sea towards the northern boundaries. This reflects the alleged Cold Front, in which the heater air mass within the island is replaced by comparatively colder air mass from the North East way. On the other manus, the presence of urban elements, peculiarly edifices, acts over the air current as a shelter diminishing the air current velocity to 1.4 m/s in the Centre ( X3Y4 ) , and ever modi fying the form of air current flow. An of import point to observe is that edifices in this unreal island are planned on irregular web grids. This significantly disturbs air current flow over the island and sometimes deflects air currents. Another point to high spots is that the program and construction of AMJ-ISLND increases the shelter and hence, cut downing the counsel of air current flows to travel across canons and the bunch Centre. Nevertheless, some points, such as X2Y4 ( 4.7 m/s ) , placed at street canons parallel to the prevailing influx shows an addition in wind speed. Unlike AMJ-ISLND, the land bed in the instance of WD-SL is somewhat unsmooth. Impacts of raggedness are obvious at the boundary line of WD-SL, in which air current speed is reduced within the scope of to 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. In this instance, the chief urban elements, which impact wind flow, seem to be the program and construction of edifice blocks. This consequence may stand for the scenario of urban temperature reported by Oke ( 2006 ) . The usage of regular web grids with street canons parallel to the prevailing inflow minimise the shelter and increasing the air current speed. This can be noted at both terminals parallel to the prevailing influx and at street canons taking into the opposite boundaries making air current tunnels. This is really clear in points at Y3 axis. In add-on, the orientation of canons and the web grids are about parallel to the prevailing influx and hence, aid in modifying the form of flow. Nevertheless, the construction at the Centre with concentrated edifices i s barricading the air current flow and has led to cut down the speed to less that 1.5 m/s.Impact on air temperatureTemperature counters ( at 1.5-1.7 m tallness ) enable to detect the perkiness flow impacts on the thermic conditions of the survey countries. These impacts are straight related to the flow behavior of speed Fieldss. Figure 12 ( A & A ; B ) compares air temperature ( T ) counters of the two instances. In WD-SL ( B ) , temperature differences between the Centre, ( points of axes X3-X5 and axesY3-Y5 ) , and boundaries are positive during the examined period, which means that the air temperature in the Centre is higher. The average difference between the Centre and boundaries is about 2.2 oC with and mean between 1.3 oC and 3.7 oC. The highest average differences are found between the Centre and the two points of X2Y5 and X3Y3. This difference is merely because of the presence of flora in the country where these points are located. Similar to WD-SL, temperatures at the Cent re of AMJ-ISLND are higher than those at the boundaries. Some points over H2O have lower temperatures than those over concrete and difficult surfaces even if those points are located near to the Centre. The handiness of H2O increases the difference in temperature between the Centre and boundaries to 2.5-3.5 oC and the presence of H2O and flora together increases this difference to about 5 oC as can be seen in point X5Y4. In brief, most points at boundaries within the two survey countries are somewhat cooler than those at the Centres. Points at the Centres represent high air temperature values as a consequence of slow air current and high denseness, lending towards a decreased loss of stored heat. Due to fluctuation in location, construction, land screen and urban surface, mean average air temperature in WD-SL ( 39.5 A °C ) is warmer than that in AMJ-ISLND ( 37.6 A °C ) . In add-on, the hot waterless conditions in the instance of WD-SL contribute significantly towards higher air temperatures. The mean difference between the two Centres is about 2.4 oC. In AMJ-ISLND, the impact of UHI in the Centre and boundaries is mitigated by the ability of H2O organic structures as urban heat sinks to modify the air temperature. This chilling consequence takes topographic point when hot air is put into contact with the H2O surface with its lower temperature. The flora in the WD-SL is able to keep a lower temper ature due to the vaporization that acts as a regulative mechanism. The influence of flora in WD-SL nevertheless, is non important due to the deficiency of sufficient country and distribution.Impact on thermic behavior and human comfortTmrt ( sometimes is referred to as urban radiant heat island ) is an of import term to analyze how the thermic behavior is affected by assorted urban elements. Figure 13 ( A & A ; B ) compares the Tmrt of the two survey countries. The mean value of 44.7 oC is obtained in AMJ-ISLAND. The difference between the Centre and other points on the horizontal and perpendicular axes is within the scope of 8-17 A °C. The handiness of saltwater in some countries represents an effectual chilling performing artist due to two grounds: foremost, the ability to maintain temperatures low, 2nd, the low coefficient of reflection. The coefficient of reflection of H2O is about 3 % at times of maximal solar radiation, and hence, reflects small solar radiation towards urban elements within the island. It absorbs a big sum of radiation, up to 80 % without any important addition in temperature because of the thermic capacity and vaporization at the H2O surface. In the instance of WD-SL, the mean Tmrt value is about 52.4 A °C. It grows at the Centre due to the concentration of concrete blocks, reduces at the boundaries to make an norm of 45.5 A °C, and falls to about 36.5 A °C at some parts with flora. This consequence confirms the impact of flora on temperature values as reported by Akbari et Al. ( 1992 ) . The presence of green countries in WD-SL modifies the sum of solar radiation making the surface and maintains a lower temperature due to the vaporization that acts as a regulative mechanism. Within the comfort context, the PMV was calculated for the measurement points utilizing ASHREA standards ( ANSI/ASHREA 55-1992 ) . Figure 14 illustrates the PMV in both instances. The consequence shows that the outside conditions during the testing period are uncomfortable, particularly at the Centres of urban countries. The consequence besides shows a important decrease in PMV in countries with H2O organic structures and flora when compared with urban countries with concrete and asphalt. In AMJ-ISLND, the point X5Y4 is with the lowest PMV due to the handiness of flora and its location near to the sea where the H2O and zephyr from the North East contributes towards lower solar radiation and temperature. In contrast, points at the Centre ( points of X2-X4 and Y2-Y3 ) have high PMV values. Some points over H2O organic structures and near to the Centre have lower PMV values than those over concrete and difficult surfaces. The same state of affairs occurs in WD-SL. Points located in coun tries with flora have PMV values lower than those of points located in countries where natural surfaces are removed and replaced by non-evaporating and non-transpiring surfaces such as metal, asphalt and concrete.Decision and future workTo analyze the impact of urbanization on the thermic behavior of urban parts, this work performed a two stairss appraisal: foremost, an appraisal of the impact of urban enlargement on the atmospheric UHI, and 2nd, an appraisal of the impact of urban elements on the microclimate and thermic behavior of new built up countries. For the intent of the first measure, a elaborate statistical analysis of atmospheric UHI features was carried out utilizing elaborate temperature informations of 14 sites ( Table 2 ) distributed all over Bahrain. The consequences indicated that the recent procedure of urbanization led to and increase in the urban temperature by 2-5 oC. This addition was chiefly reinforced by urban activity such as ongoing building procedure, shri nking of green set and sea renewal over the last few old ages. It was found that temperature values of sites at the northern portion are warmer than those at the southern portion. The temperature differences between the Airport as a mention and other urban lands in the northern parts are ever positive, which meant that the air temperature in the airdrome was ever lower. The higher temperature values were chiefly occurred in the undermentioned countries: SITRA was found with the highest values due to industrialization and anthropogenetic heat, followed by M.CNTRL due to monolithic concern and commercial building coupled with heavy traffic, and so dumbly built territories such as H.TOWN, I.TOWN and HIDD due to high concentration of people and monolithic residential enlargement. BYDDIA country is with the lowest air temperature values amongst other urban lands due to the presence of flora coupled with its location near to the sea with predominating air current from North East seashore. For the intent of the 2nd measure, this works examined the thermic behavior of two theoretical accounts stand foring two major territories. They were selected to measure spacial impacts such as construction, urban design and land screen. The findings allowed the sensing of urban elements that contributed to temperature sweetening. It was found that the presence of UHI is a consequence of the absence of climatic urban design and planning, deficiency of H2O organic structures and green screen. The findings of this work can be summarised as follows: There is an addition in air temperature within the scope of 2-3 oC in unreal islands and 3-5 oC in lands with sand screen and hot waterless conditions. Irregular web grids, such as that of AMJ-ISLAND, addition shelter, cut down air current speed and diminish the loss of stored heat in surfaces, hence, lending towards an increased UHI. In contrast, regular web grids with street canons parallel to the predominating influx such as that of WD-SL minimise the shelter, increase the air current speed and increase the loss of stored heat, hence, lending towards a reduced atmospheric UHI. The fluctuation in urban radiant heat island values is dependent on the urban geometry, weather conditions and above all typography and urban surface, peculiarly the handiness of sand and H2O. Comfort degrees in sand screen parts are much higher than those in H2O screen parts. Outside summer conditions ( August ) in Bahrain are by and large uncomfortable, particularly at the Centres of metropolitan countries ; nevertheless, there is a important improve in comfort degree in countries with H2O and flora when compared with countries with concrete and asphalt. This work has shown the impact of urbanization on the thermic comfort and dramatis personae visible radiation on some urban planning solutions in Bahrain. The findings introduced in this work may assist urban contrivers to better the thermic behavior of future and planned territories. Nevertheless, alterations in microclimate impact non merely human comfort but besides the energy demand for chilling edifices. A research concerns with the impact of urbanization on the energy ingestion of new built up countries will be carried out. This research would affect extended temperature informations aggregation for urban surface in Bahrain. These informations would probably be gathered through experimental and numerical surveies.